理查德·诺里斯·布鲁克
开创华盛顿非裔风俗画
Richard Norris Brooke was an American painter known especially for his genre scenes depicting African-American subjects. He has been described as "first among several artists who brought a national distinction to the Washington art community, and who were instrumental in making it more professional through the establishment of schools, clubs, and exhibitions." 布鲁克出生于弗吉尼亚州沃伦顿,是詹姆斯·瓦斯·布鲁克和玛丽·诺里斯·布鲁克的儿子;他在美国内战期间一直居住在沃伦顿,当时该地处于联邦军队的占领之下。据信,他最早的艺术指导来自威廉·D·华盛顿,尽管从未找到确凿的证据。老布鲁克曾安排他的儿子前往罗马,在威廉·兰道夫·巴比门下学习艺术,但战争的爆发阻止了这次行程。相反,理查德于1865年进入宾夕法尼亚美术学院就读,师从埃德蒙·邦塞尔和詹姆斯·兰姆丁,并于1871年毕业。在费城居住期间,他在多所学校任教,包括弗农山学院、布罗德街军事学院和维拉诺瓦学院。1871年威廉·D·华盛顿去世后,布鲁克被任命为弗吉尼亚军事学院美术系系主任,但他在次年离开了该职位。1873年,他成为美国驻拉罗谢尔领事,并在此职位上任职至1877年;在法国期间,他师从莱昂·博纳,后来还与卡罗勒斯-杜兰和本杰明·康斯坦特合作。 布鲁克于1880年定居华盛顿特区,直至去世一直与该地的艺术生活保持联系。他继续前往欧洲旅行,期间曾访问巴黎、伦敦和海牙。在华盛顿,他搬入位于白宫东侧、备受推崇的弗农行(Vernon Row)工作室大楼,在那里创作并向公众展示他的作品。后来,他与马克斯·韦尔(Max Weyl)在第17街和宾夕法尼亚大道交汇处、原科科伦画廊(Corcoran Gallery)的对角线对面创立了"巴比松工作室",但由于该街区的商业性质,真正的艺术社区未能在该地区扎根。 布鲁克很快便积极参与其新城市的艺术事务,于1881年成为华盛顿艺术俱乐部的副主席,并一直担任该职务至1884年。同年,他是华盛顿艺术学生联盟的创始人之一,并在该联盟担任讲师。他在科科伦学院任职多年,从1902年至1917年担任该校副校长;他的作品曾亮相于1912年、1914年和1916年的科科伦双年展。他还是华盛顿水彩画俱乐部的成员,并在该协会的团体展览中展出作品。1909年和1913年,他担任总统就职委员会奖章与徽章委员会主席。1882年,他的作品出现在国家设计学院的年度展览上;他的画作也在威廉·麦克贝思的画廊展出。他曾参展棉花州与国际博览会并赢得一枚奖牌,还参加了国家保护博览会,其作品与众多华盛顿同行的作品一同展出。在他的职业生涯中,他获得了多项奖项,包括1901年华盛顿艺术家学会颁发的帕森斯奖和1904年的第三届科科伦奖。除了画家的工作外,布鲁克于1882年开启了第二职业,为私人收藏家购买艺术品;托马斯·E·瓦加曼是他在此角色中的第一位客户。 Outside of his artistic pursuits, Brooke was known as a devout Christian who led mission meetings on Sundays at the Fauquier County Courthouse. He kept active in Warrenton affairs for much of his adult life; in 1882 he painted a flag to be presented to the Warrenton Rifles upon their journey to Yorktown to participate in the centennial celebration of the battle there, and on November 15, 1889, he was among those who saved William Washington's portrait of John Marshall from being destroyed in a fire that engulfed the courthouse. That same year he rented space in the Town Hall for use as an art gallery, and shortly thereafter erected a summer studio in town. In his later years he passed his time between Washington and Warrenton, dying in the town of his birth at the home of his nephew. He is buried in the Warrenton Cemetery alongside his parents and younger sister. In his honor a memorial exhibit was mounted at the Corcoran in the year of his death. Leila Mechlin wrote in remembrance: "Had he settled in New York...he would probably have taken a leading part in the art world of the metropolis. But...he liked Washington, and here were his chosen comrades, Mr. Messer, Mr. Moser, Max Weyl, E. H. Miller....It will be hard to find a more delightful coterie...true artists all - congenial spirits."
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