理查德·諾里斯·布魯克
開創華盛頓非裔風俗畫
Richard Norris Brooke was an American painter known especially for his genre scenes depicting African-American subjects. He has been described as "first among several artists who brought a national distinction to the Washington art community, and who were instrumental in making it more professional through the establishment of schools, clubs, and exhibitions." 布魯克出生於維吉尼亞州沃倫頓,是詹姆斯·瓦斯·布魯克和瑪麗·諾里斯·布魯克的兒子;他在美國內戰期間一直居住在沃倫頓,當時該地處於聯邦軍隊的佔領之下。據信,他最早的藝術指導來自威廉·D·華盛頓,儘管從未找到確鑿的證據。老布魯克曾安排他的兒子前往羅馬,在威廉·蘭道夫·巴比門下學習藝術,但戰爭的爆發阻止了這次行程。相反,理查德於1865年進入賓夕法尼亞美術學院就讀,師從埃德蒙·邦塞爾和詹姆斯·蘭姆丁,並於1871年畢業。在費城居住期間,他在多所學校任教,包括弗農山學院、布羅德街軍事學院和維拉諾瓦學院。1871年威廉·D·華盛頓去世後,布魯克被任命為維吉尼亞軍事學院美術系系主任,但他在次年離開了該職位。1873年,他成為美國駐拉羅謝爾領事,並在此職位上任職至1877年;在法國期間,他師從萊昂·博納,後來還與卡羅勒斯-杜蘭和本傑明·康斯坦特合作。 布魯克於1880年定居華盛頓特區,直至去世一直與該地的藝術生活保持聯繫。他繼續前往歐洲旅行,期間曾訪問巴黎、倫敦和海牙。在華盛頓,他搬入位於白宮東側、備受推崇的弗農行(Vernon Row)工作室大樓,在那裡創作並向公眾展示他的作品。後來,他與馬克斯·韋爾(Max Weyl)在第17街和賓夕法尼亞大道交匯處、原科科倫畫廊(Corcoran Gallery)的對角線對面創立了「巴比松工作室」,但由於該街區的商業性質,真正的藝術社區未能在該地區扎根。 布魯克很快便積極參與其新城市的藝術事務,於1881年成為華盛頓藝術俱樂部的副主席,並一直擔任該職務至1884年。同年,他是華盛頓藝術學生聯盟的創始人之一,並在該聯盟擔任講師。他在科科倫學院任職多年,從1902年至1917年擔任該校副校長;他的作品曾亮相於1912年、1914年和1916年的科科倫雙年展。他還是華盛頓水彩畫俱樂部的成員,並在該協會的團體展覽中展出作品。1909年和1913年,他擔任總統就職委員會獎章與徽章委員會主席。1882年,他的作品出現在國家設計學院的年度展覽上;他的畫作也在威廉·麥克貝思的畫廊展出。他曾參展棉花州與國際博覽會並贏得一枚獎牌,還參加了國家保護博覽會,其作品與眾多華盛頓同行的作品一同展出。在他的職業生涯中,他獲得了多項獎項,包括1901年華盛頓藝術家學會頒發的帕森斯獎和1904年的第三屆科科倫獎。除了畫家的工作外,布魯克於1882年開啟了第二職業,為私人收藏家購買藝術品;湯瑪斯·E·瓦加曼是他在此角色中的第一位客戶。 Outside of his artistic pursuits, Brooke was known as a devout Christian who led mission meetings on Sundays at the Fauquier County Courthouse. He kept active in Warrenton affairs for much of his adult life; in 1882 he painted a flag to be presented to the Warrenton Rifles upon their journey to Yorktown to participate in the centennial celebration of the battle there, and on November 15, 1889, he was among those who saved William Washington's portrait of John Marshall from being destroyed in a fire that engulfed the courthouse. That same year he rented space in the Town Hall for use as an art gallery, and shortly thereafter erected a summer studio in town. In his later years he passed his time between Washington and Warrenton, dying in the town of his birth at the home of his nephew. He is buried in the Warrenton Cemetery alongside his parents and younger sister. In his honor a memorial exhibit was mounted at the Corcoran in the year of his death. Leila Mechlin wrote in remembrance: "Had he settled in New York...he would probably have taken a leading part in the art world of the metropolis. But...he liked Washington, and here were his chosen comrades, Mr. Messer, Mr. Moser, Max Weyl, E. H. Miller....It will be hard to find a more delightful coterie...true artists all - congenial spirits."
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