約翰·愛德華茲·霍爾布魯克

1796 - 1871 American

Artworks: 180
約翰·愛德華茲·霍爾布魯克

北美兩棲爬行動物學先驅

約翰·愛德華茲·霍爾布魯克是一位美國動物學家、爬行動物學家、醫師和博物學家,出生於南卡羅來納州博福特,是教師西拉斯·霍爾布魯克和瑪麗·愛德華茲的兒子。儘管霍爾布魯克的回憶錄(由其醫學合作夥伴撰寫)及其墓碑均將其出生年份記為1794年,但這是錯誤的。霍爾布魯克於1815年獲得布朗大學的文學士學位,並於1818年獲得賓夕法尼亞大學的醫學博士學位。1827年,他娶了哈里奧特·平克尼·拉特利奇(1802–1863),她是約翰·拉特利奇的孫女,也是米德爾頓-拉特利奇-平克尼家族的成員。 他在其著作《北美爬蟲學;或,對美國境內爬行動物的描述》的兩個版本中,提供了關於北美兩棲動物和爬行動物的首部綜合性插圖記錄。第一版共四卷(1836–1840年)極為罕見,因為霍爾布魯克因彩色圖版受到不利批評,曾試圖在後院的篝火中銷毀所有副本。由於其稀有性,第一版已被生物多樣性遺產圖書館數位化並免費提供。第二版共五卷(1842年)更受好評,至今仍是重要的基準參考著作。他在這些著作中描述的新物種包括棕色水蛇(Nerodia taxispilota)、布朗蛇(Storeria dekayi)和飾紋合唱蛙(Pseudacris ornata)。 東部鏟足蟾(Scaphiopus holbrookii)、無耳蜥屬(Holbrookia)、斑點王蛇(Lampropeltis getula holbrooki)和斑尾平鯛(Diplodus holbrookii)均以他的名字命名,以示紀念。 同樣在1840年代,在南卡羅來納州查爾斯頓,一位名叫約翰·愛德華茲·霍爾布魯克的醫師,在其巨著《北美爬蟲兩棲動物學》即將完成之際,繼續保持對魚類的興趣,這最終促成了插圖精美的《南卡羅來納州魚類》一書的出版。 霍爾布魯克於1845年當選為美國藝術與科學院副院士。1855年,他開始分冊出版《南卡羅來納州魚類志》,共發行了十冊,隨後因費城「藝術家大樓」發生火災,進一步出版工作中斷,該處正是本書插圖部分的製作地點。原始畫作、版畫版以及石印石全部被毀。霍爾布魯克利用這一損失,從多方面改進了他的作品。他在「前言」中解釋了導致新版問世的情況,此處部分轉載如下:「《南卡羅來納州魚類志》出版的重大延誤,是由於數年前費城『藝術家大樓』火災中所有版畫版、石印石和原始畫作被毀所致。」這使得必須重新繪製所有不同魚類的圖畫,此項工作花費巨大,事實上,若無州政府慷慨資助,這項工作根本無法繼續進行。新繪製的圖畫均源自自然標本,並由A. J. Ibbotson和A. Sonrel等優秀藝術家完成。在幾乎所有情況下,魚類的色彩均由極具才華的藝術家J. Burkhardt根據活體標本繪製。 The delay in the publication of the work has, however, enabled me to give more accurate and highly finished plates, and to correct some errors in the letter press. As but few numbers of the work were distributed previous to the destruction of the original plates, &c, and the present edition is so much improved, I have decided to recall the former numbers and to replace them by those of the new edition. " Thus an entirely new work was published. The artistic efforts of Richard were superseded by the superior results of Ibbotson and Sonrel, both excellent artists trained under Agassiz, and T. Sinclair's lithographic establishment of Philadelphia was selected for reproducing the illustrations instead of Tappan & Bradford's of Boston the printing was done by Welch, Bigelow and Company, of Cambridge, in place of Metcalf and Company, and the publishers were "Russell & Jones," in succession to "John Russell," of Charleston, S. C." He was eccentric in several ways. "One of his eccentricities was followed by a remarkable result. A young waitingman about the house was very liable to fainting fits. In brushing flies at the table he would often exclaim, ' I am going to faint,' and would, if not assisted, fall down in a swoon. The Doctor one day, whilst dissecting the digestive apparatus of a young alligator, called this boy to hold the parts for him, so as to keep the fibers stretched. Just as the Doctor was most interested in tracing some minute muscular fibers, the boy cried out, ' I am going to faint,' and altered the position of his hand, and thus interrupted the dissection at a most important point. The Doctor immediately gave him a sharp slap on the side of his head, saying, ' Well, go faint then, and come back quickly.' The boy did as he was bid, and never fainted after this. He said he ' was cured by holding the alligator.' " 1863年,他的妻子去世,他變得無子嗣且孤身一人。當聯邦軍隊佔領查爾斯頓時,收藏其藏品的醫學院被徵用為醫院,他的標本被肆意丟棄或因其所謂價值而被搶占;他的書籍被盜,最終他的繪圖和手稿也遺失或被毀。如今他已是一位老人,失去了大部分財產,因逆境而氣餒,並認識到新的科學程序秩序已經開始,他不情願地甚至不再規劃自己的工作。然而,他繼續在夏季前往新英格蘭,那裡曾度過他快樂的青年時代。霍爾布魯克於1839年當選為美國哲學學會會員,並於1868年當選為國家科學院院士。1871年初秋(9月8日),他因中風發作,在麻薩諸塞州諾福克的姐姐家中走到了生命的盡頭,「在親切而摯愛的親屬環繞中嚥下最後一口氣」。 霍爾布魯克於1871年9月8日在麻薩諸塞州去世,葬於南卡羅來納州查爾斯頓的木蘭公墓。

Artworks by this artist (180 total)