约翰·辛格尔顿·科普利

1738-1815 American

约翰·辛格尔顿·科普利

开创现代历史画与肖像画

约翰·辛格尔顿·科普利是一位英美画家,活跃于殖民时期的美国和英国。他可能出生于马萨诸塞州波士顿,父母为理查德和玛丽·辛格尔顿·科普利,两人均为盎格鲁-爱尔兰人。在成为殖民时期新英格兰地区富人的知名肖像画家后,他于1774年移居伦敦,再未返回美国。在伦敦,他在接下来的二十年里作为肖像画家取得了相当大的成功,并创作了多幅大型历史画,这些作品因乐于描绘现代题材和现代服饰而具有创新性。他的晚年较为失意,去世时负债累累。 科普利的母亲在长码头拥有一家烟草店。据艺术家的孙女玛莎·巴布科克·阿莫里称,他的父母于1736年来到波士顿,“从事贸易,就像当时北美殖民地的几乎所有居民一样”。他的父亲来自利默里克;他的母亲出自克莱尔郡的辛格尔顿家族,这是一个源自兰开夏郡的家族。约翰·辛格尔顿(科普利夫人的父亲)的信件收藏于科普利-佩勒姆文集中。理查德·科普利被描述为一名烟草商,多位传记作家称他抵达波士顿时健康状况不佳,并在约翰出生前后前往西印度群岛,并在那里去世。威廉·H·惠特莫尔将其死亡年份记为1748年,即科普利夫人再婚之年。詹姆斯·伯纳德·卡伦说:“理查德·科普利抵达美国时健康状况不佳,前往西印度群岛以改善其日益衰弱的体力。他于1737年在那里去世。”目前尚未发现任何当代证据可以证实这两个年份中的任何一个。 除了一个家族传统提及他在绘画方面的早慧之外,关于科普利的学校教育或其童年其他活动,人们一无所知。他的信件(最早的一封日期为1762年9月30日)显示他受过相当良好的教育。据合理推测,他的各种科目可能由他未来的继父教授;这位继父除了绘制肖像和雕刻版画外,还在波士顿通过教授舞蹈以及自1743年9月12日起开办一所“晚间书写与算术学校”( duly advertised,即 duly 刊登广告)来维持生计。可以确定的是,遗孀科普利于1748年5月22日嫁给了彼得·佩勒姆,并且大约在那时,她将她的烟草生意搬到了他在林德尔街(Lindall Street,城中一个更安静、更体面的区域)的住所,晚间学校也继续在那里授课。在这样的家庭中,年轻的科普利可能学会了使用画笔和雕刻工具。惠特莫尔说得颇有道理:“科普利在十五岁时就能进行美柔汀雕刻;他的继父佩勒姆与他共同生活了三年,是一位出色的雕刻师,同时也精通绘画。”这家人住在漆器匠托马斯·约翰斯顿及其家人所住房子的隔壁,科普利与托马斯的儿子威廉成为朋友,后者后来也成为一名画家。 应当强调科普利成年所处的家庭与城镇中的艺术机遇,因为他本人以及一些过于字面理解其言行的传记作者,都大加渲染其早期环境的荒凉。他的儿子林德赫斯特勋爵写道:“他(科普利)完全自学成才,在将近三十岁之前,除了自己的作品外,从未见过一幅像样的画作。”科普利本人在1766年11月12日写给本杰明·韦斯特的一封信中抱怨道:“正如您正确指出的那样,在这个国家,除了在一些执行得平平的版画中所能见到的例子外,没有任何艺术范例,从中很难学到多少东西。”这一论点的变体几乎充斥于他早期的所有信件中。这些信件表明,尽管科普利勤奋且技艺娴熟,但他在行动上缺乏冒险精神,性格上倾向于忧思和自怜。在他青年时代的波士顿,他本可以看到至少几幅优秀的画作以及许多精美的版画。他肖像画的卓越并非偶然或奇迹,而是有学术基础的。现藏于大英博物馆的一本科普利的人体研究画册证明,他在二十岁之前,无论是否有老师指导,都以极大的细心和精确性绘制解剖图。很可能得益于一个拥有众多工匠的城镇中家庭与工作坊的有利关联,他在平均而言后世艺术学生才刚开始学习绘画的年龄,就已经掌握了他的技艺。 Copley was about fourteen and his stepfather had recently died, when he made the earliest of his portraits now preserved, a likeness of his half-brother Charles Pelham, good in color and characterization though it has in its background accessories which are somewhat out of drawing. It is a remarkable work to have come from so young a hand. The artist was only fifteen when (it is believed) he painted the portrait of the Rev. William Welsteed, minister of the Brick Church in Long Lane, a work which, following Peter Pelham’s practise, Copley personally engraved to get the benefit from the sale of prints. No other engraving has been attributed to Copley. A self-portrait, undated, depicting a boy of about seventeen in broken straw hat, and a painting of Mars, Venus and Vulcan, signed and dated 1754, disclose crudities of execution which do not obscure the decorative intent and documentary value of the works. Such painting would obviously advertise itself anywhere. Without going after business, for his letters do not indicate that he was ever aggressive or pushy, Copley was started as a professional portrait-painter long before he was of age. In October 1757, Capt. Thomas Ainslie, collector of the Port of Quebec, acknowledged from Halifax the receipt of his portrait, which "gives me great Satisfaction", and advised the artist to visit Nova Scotia "where there are several people who would be glad to employ You." This request to paint in Canada was later repeated from Quebec, Copley replying: "I should receive a singular pleasure in excepting, if my Business was anyways slack, but it is so far otherwise that I have a large Room full of Pictures unfinished, which would ingage me these twelve months if I did not begin any others." 除了用油画绘制肖像外——这无疑是从彼得·佩勒姆那里学来的技法——科普利还是美国早期的粉彩画先驱。1762年9月30日,他写信给瑞士画家让-艾蒂安·利奥塔德,向他索要“一套用于绘制肖像的最佳瑞士粉彩笔”。这位年轻的美国人预见到利奥塔德会感到惊讶,“像新英格兰这样偏远的角落竟然会对练习美术所需的工具有需求”,因此他向利奥塔德保证:“尽管美洲一直是战争与荒凉之地,但我衷心希望它有朝一日能成为美术的学府。”所请求的粉彩笔如期收到,并被科普利用于创作许多肖像画,这种媒介非常适合他的才华。此时,他开始展现出自己在表现表面质感和捕捉情感即时性方面的天赋。 Copley’s fame was established in England by the exhibition, in 1766, of A Boy with a Flying Squirrel, which depicted his half-brother, Henry Pelham, seated at a table and playing with a pet squirrel. This picture, which made the young Boston painter a Fellow of the Society of Artists of Great Britain, by vote of September 3, 1766, had been painted the preceding year. Copley’s letter of September 3, 1765, to Capt. R. G. Bruce, of the John and Sukey, reveals that it was taken to England as a personal favor in the luggage of Roger Hale, surveyor of the port of London. An anecdote relates that the painting, unaccompanied by name or letter of instructions, was delivered to Benjamin West (whom Mrs. Amory describes as then "a member of the Royal Academy," though the Academy was not yet in existence). West is said to have "exclaimed with a warmth and enthusiasm of which those who knew him best could scarcely believe him capable, ’What delicious coloring worthy of Titian himself!’" The American squirrel, it is said, disclosed the colonial origin of the picture to the Pennsylvania-born Quaker artist. A letter from Copley was subsequently delivered to him. West got the canvas into the Exhibition of the year and wrote, on August 4, 1766, a letter to Copley in which he referred to Sir Joshua Reynolds’s interest in the work and advised the artist to follow his example by making "a viset to Europe for this porpase (of self-improvement) for three or four years." 韦斯特随后的信件在很大程度上导致科普利对自己在殖民城镇的处境和前景感到不满。在1766年10月13日和11月12日写给韦斯特的信中,科普利欣然接受了邀请,将其他画作送往展览,并哀叹自己“特别不幸,生活在一个在我的记忆中从未有一幅肖像画能被称作是‘画作’的地方”。在1768年6月17日写给韦斯特的另一封信中,他表现出一个谨慎之人不愿轻率放弃艺术所带来的优渥生活的理由。他写道:“我很乐意前往欧洲,但除非有非常好的前景,能让我在那里做得至少与在这里一样好,否则我不会考虑此事。您深知,每年300几尼的收入,即我目前的收入,在美国算是相当优渥的生活。……无论我在我们崇高的艺术中追求卓越的雄心有多大,我都不能考虑以不仅牺牲我自己的幸福,而且牺牲一位依赖我全然的慈母和年幼弟弟的幸福为代价去实现它。”韦斯特于1768年9月20日回复称,他已与伦敦的其他艺术家讨论了科普利的前景,“并发现,凭借他们坦率的认可,您前来此地没有任何风险。” The income which Copley earned by painting in the 1760s was extraordinary for his town and time. It had promoted the son of a needy tobacconist into the local aristocracy. The foremost personages of New England came to his painting-room as sitters. He married, on November 16, 1769, Susanna Farnham Clarke, daughter of Richard and Elizabeth (Winslow) Clarke, the former being the very wealthy agent of the Honourable East India Company in Boston; the latter, a New England woman of Mayflower ancestry. The union was a happy one, and socially notable. Mrs. Copley was a beautiful woman of poise and serenity whose features are familiar through several of her husband’s paintings. Copley had already bought land on the west side of Beacon Hill extending down to the Charles River. The newly married Copleys, who would have six children, moved into "a solitary house in Boston, on Beacon Hill, chosen with his keen perception of picturesque beauty". It was approximately on the site of the present Boston Women’s City Club. Here were painted the portraits of dignitaries of state and church, graceful women and charming children, in the mode of faithful and painstaking verisimilitude which Copley had made his own. The family’s style of living at this period was that of people of wealth. John Trumbull told Dunlap that in 1771, being then a student at Harvard College, he called on Copley, who "was dressed on the occasion in a suit of crimson velvet with gold buttons, and the elegance displayed by Copley in his style of living, added to his high repute as an artist, made a permanent impression on Trumbull in favor of the life of a painter." 在城镇和教会事务中,科普利几乎未参与其中。他自称“渴望避免任何党派偏见的指责”,并认为“政治争斗既令艺术家不悦,也对艺术本身无益”。1771年1月29日,他的名字出现在一份由自由持有者和居民提交的请愿书上,要求将危及城镇安全的火药库迁出城镇。布拉特尔广场教会的记录显示,1772年,科普利受邀为重建的礼拜堂提交设计方案;他提出了一项雄心勃勃的平面与立面设计,“因其优雅与宏伟而备受赞赏”,但因可能费用高昂而未获教会采纳。科普利对致力于美国独立的政治人物抱有同情,这种同情似乎是真诚的,但并未强烈到促使他参与他们的任何计划。 It was known to earlier biographers that Copley at one time painted portraits in New York City. The circumstances of this visit, which was supplemented by a few days in Philadelphia, were first disclosed through Prof. Guernsey Jones’s discovery of many previously unpublished Copley and Pelham documents in the Public Record Office, London. From these letters and papers, published by the Massachusetts Historical Society in 1914, it appears that in 1768 Copley painted in Boston a portrait of Myles Cooper, president of King’s College, who then urged his visiting New York. Accepting the invitation later, Copley, between June 1771 and January 1772, painted thirty-seven portraits in New York, setting up his easel "in Broadway, on the west side, in a house which was burned in the great conflagration on the night the British army entered the city as enemies." Copley’s letters to Henry Pelham, whom he left in charge of his affairs in Boston, describe minutely the journey across New England, his first impressions of New York, which "has more Grand Buildings than Boston, the streets much cleaner and some much broader," and the successful search for suitable lodgings and a painting-room; thereafter they give detailed accounts of sitters and social happenings. The correspondence also contains Copley’s careful instructions to Pelham concerning the features of a new house then being built on his Beacon Hill "farm," giving elevations and specifications of the addition of "peazas" which the artist saw for the first time in New York. Copley at the time had a lawsuit respecting title to some of his lands. His letters reveal a man who allowed such disputes to worry him considerably. 1771年9月,科普利夫妇访问了费城。在首席大法官威廉·艾伦的家中,他们“看到了一幅精美的提香《维纳斯》与《圣家族》的全身等身复制品,原作出自科雷乔”。在返程途中,他们在新泽西州的新不伦瑞克观看了几幅归于范·戴克名下的画作。“其中一幅的日期是1628年,”科普利写道,“毫无疑问,我认为范·戴克是在来到英格兰之前创作了这些作品。”回到纽约后,科普利于10月17日写信,要求立即寄来科普利夫人的一件黑色礼服。“由于我们频繁出席社交场合,”他说,“我们认为苏基(他的妻子)有必要拥有这件衣服,因为她的其他服装大多不适合她穿着。”12月15日,科普利告知佩勒姆,“本周我将完成所有工作,共计不少于37尊半身像;因此,如果天气允许,我们希望在圣诞节前上路。”至此,科普利唯一一次离开波士顿的美国之旅结束了。关于他在南方作画的传闻毫无根据。大多数被普遍归于他名下的南方肖像画实际上是由亨利·本布里奇创作的。 他在英国的通信者继续敦促科普利进行欧洲研习。他保存了一封未注明日期且无署名的信件,信中写道:“这里的人们对他着迷不已,将他与范戴克、鲁本斯以及所有古代伟大画家相提并论。”他的姐夫乔纳森·克拉克当时已在伦敦,建议他“前来此地”。韦斯特于1773年1月6日写道:“我的建议是,科普利夫人留在波士顿,直到您完成此次(前往意大利的)旅行;此后,如果您决定将居住地定在伦敦,科普利夫人再渡海前来。” 波士顿的政治和经济局势日益动荡。科普利的岳父克拉克先生正是那批引发波士顿倾茶事件的茶叶所托运的商人。科普利的家族亲属均为保皇派。他在1773年12月1日的一封信中描述的一次会议上,为妻子的亲属进行了辩护。1774年4月26日,他写道,有一次一群暴徒来到他家,要求交出保皇派、委任状顾问乔治·沃森上校,而沃森已前往别处,这令他经历了一段不愉快的遭遇。爱国者威胁说,如果他“今后再窝藏此类恶棍”,就要让他血债血偿。科普利惊呼:“这是怎样的世道!假如沃森先生当时留了下来(正如我极力劝说他那样)过夜,我该怎么办?我要么得将一位朋友交给暴民侮辱,要么就得眼看房屋被拆毁,家人或许还会惨遭杀害。” 带着许多介绍信(所有这些信件均收录于科普利-佩尔汉姆通信集中),科普利于1774年6月从波士顿启航,将他的母亲、妻子和子女托付给亨利·佩尔汉姆照顾。他于7月11日从伦敦写信称,旅途“极为轻松且安全”。他早期拜访了韦斯特,以“在他身上发现那些令人钦佩的品质,使其友谊无论是作为艺术家还是作为绅士都令人向往”。“在英国,[本杰明]·韦斯特与科普利共同开创了一种新型的历史画,这类作品以现代时事题材为主,主要是英雄之死的场景,虽采用历史画的处理方式,但对当代细节却一丝不苟”(约翰逊 441)。这位美国人随后被正式引荐给乔舒亚·雷诺兹爵士,并被带到“皇家艺术学院,那里的学生正对着裸体模特进行素描”。在伦敦期间,尽管有人敦促,科普利此时并未接受任何肖像委托。在启程前往意大利前不久,他“与哈钦森总督共进晚餐,我想我们总共约有12人,全是波士顿人,晚餐享用的是精选的咸鱼”。 On September 2, 1774, Copley chronicled his arrival at Paris (the beginning of a nine-month European tour), where he saw and painstakingly described many paintings and sculptures. His journey toward Rome was made in company of an artist named Carter, described as "a captious, cross-grained and self conceited person who kept a regular journal of his tour in which he set down the smallest trifle that could bear a construction unfavorable to the American’s character." Carter was undoubtedly an uncongenial companion. Copley, however, may at times have been both depressing and bumptious. He found fault, according to Carter, with the French firewood because it gave out less heat than American wood, and he bragged of the art which America would produce when "they shall have an independent government." Copley’s personal appearance was thus described by his uncharitable comrade: "Very thin, a little pock-marked [presumably a souvenir of the Boston smallpox epidemic described by Copley in a letter of January 24, 1764], prominent eyebrows, small eyes, which after fatigue seemed a day’s march in his head." Copley afterward wrote of Carter: "He was a sort of snail which crawled over a man in his sleep and left its slime, and no more." Mrs. Amory relates that "both parties were undoubtedly glad to separate on their arrival at their destination." October 8, 1774, found Copley at Genoa, where he wrote to his wife describing, among other things, the inexpensiveness of the silks: "The velvet and satin for which I gave seven guineas would have cost fourteen in London." He reached Rome on October 26. "I am very fortunate," he wrote, "in my time of being here, as I shall see the magnificance of the rejoicing on the election of the Pope; it is also the year of jubilee, or Holy Year." Copley’s plan of study and mode of living at Rome are described in several letters. He found time for excursions. He visited Naples in January 1775, writing to his wife: "The city is very large and delightfully situated but you have no idea of the dirt … and the people are as dirty as the streets—indeed, they are offensive to such a degree as to make me ill". The excavations at Pompeii greatly interested him and in company with Ralph Izard of South Carolina (whose family portrait he later painted) he extended his journey to Paestum. At Rome early in 1775 he copied Correggio’s St. Jerome on commission from Lord Grosvenor, and other works for Mr. and Mrs. Izard. About May 20 he started on a tour northward through Florence, Parma, Mantua, Venice, Trieste, Stuttgart, Mainz, Cologne, and the Low Countries. From Parma he wrote to Henry Pelham urging that the whole family leave America at once since, "if the Frost should be severe and the Harbour frozen, the Town of Boston will be exposed to an attack; and if it should be taken all that have remained in the town will be considered as enimys to the Country and ill treated or exposed to great distress." This anxiety was groundless, for Mrs. Copley and the children had already sailed on May 27, 1775, from Marblehead in a ship crowded with refugees. She arrived in London some weeks before Copley returned from the Continent, making her home with her brother-in-law, Henry Bromfield. Her father, Richard Clarke, and her brothers came soon after. Copley happily rejoined his family and set up his easel, at first in Leicester Fields and later at 25 George St., Hanover Square, in a house built by a wealthy Italian and admirably adapted to an artist’s requirements. Here Mr. and Mrs. Copley and their son Lord Lyndhurst lived and died. 作为一名英国画家,科普利于1775年开启了他的职业生涯,起初前景光明,但因个人和政治原因,最终注定以阴郁和逆境告终。他的技法如此成熟,勤奋的习惯如此牢固,加之从美国带来的声誉如此非凡,以至于他几乎必然能在英国艺术家中占有一席之地。然而,他本人“在抵达英格兰后常常说,他无法超越自己早期的一些作品”。不过,他的才华衰退是渐进的,因此部分“英国时期的科普利作品”仍是杰出的画作。 追随韦斯特等人确立的风尚,科普利开始创作历史题材作品以及肖像画。他涉足这一体裁的首部作品是《沃森与鲨鱼》,其题材基于布鲁克·沃森向艺术家讲述的一起事件:沃森在14岁时于哈瓦那港游泳时遭到鲨鱼袭击。尽管遭受袭击并失去膝盖以下的腿部,沃森后来仍取得了成功的职业生涯,他很可能委托创作这幅画作,以此作为对其他不幸者(包括像他一样的孤儿)的教诲,表明即使是最严峻的逆境也能被克服。根据此作制作的版画获得了持久的流行。 在乔治街餐厅壁炉上方的位置,绘制了那幅如今收藏于波士顿的巨大家族肖像画。1862年,林德赫斯特勋爵在曼彻斯特展览上首次公开展出此画时,“被有能力的评论家评为与凡·戴克同风格作品中的任何一幅不相上下”。然而,这位艺术家作为历史画家的声誉是由《查塔姆伯爵之死》确立的,该画描绘了前首相威廉·皮特(第一代查塔姆伯爵)在上议院的倒下。然而,这幅画为他招致了皇家艺术学院院长威廉·钱伯斯爵士的谴责,后者反对在该学院展览之前私下展出此画。在一封公开信中,钱伯斯指责科普利像经营“稀有秀”一样兜售他的画作,并旨在“要么出售版画,要么对画作进行抽奖”。面对这种显然对一位初到伦敦、不熟悉展览职业伦理的人不公平的指责,科普利在某天早晨写了一封尖刻的回信,但在晚上明智地将其投入火中。后来,《查塔姆》版画的雕刻作品在英国和美国销售良好。 科普利在历史画领域的冒险之所以更为成功,是因为他煞费苦心地力求准确呈现人物的肖像相似性以及其时代背景下的正确配饰。他在英格兰广泛游历,研究古老肖像和实际地点。他的工作室不时推出诸如《红十字骑士》、《亚伯拉罕献祭以撒》、《荒野中的夏甲与以实玛利》、《皮尔森少校之死》、《查理一世逮捕五名下议院议员》、《直布罗陀围城战》、《德温特海军上将向坎珀当勋爵投降》、《诺森伯兰公爵和萨福克公爵向简·格雷女士献上王冠》、《复活》等作品。他继续绘制肖像画,其中包括多位王室成员以及众多英美名人的肖像。1776年至1815年间,他向皇家艺术学院展览送展了四十三幅画作;他在1776年当选为该院副会员,并于1783年成为正式会员。 科普利在构图上所付出的努力堪称典范,但有时这可能损害了他的健康和性情。坎宁安写道:“有些人向我描述他是一个暴躁且专断的人,而其他人则形容他温和谦逊。”这两种描述可能都符合科普利的情况,取决于他的心情:他可能因过度工作和担忧而紧张,也可能处于正常状态。他的孙女阿莫里夫人回忆说,他通常从清晨到黄昏连续作画。晚上,他的妻子或女儿会为他朗读英国文学作品。他很少运动——可能对健康来说不够。 他本想返回美国,但职业日常使他无法成行。他在政治上比他的亲属更为自由派。1782年12月5日,在聆听了乔治三世正式承认美国独立的演讲后,他在埃尔卡纳·沃森肖像画背景中的一艘船上绘制了星条旗。沃森在日记中写道:“他邀请我进入画室,在那里,他以大胆的手法、大师的笔触,我相信还怀着一颗美国心,将星条旗附在那艘船上;我想,这是第一面在旧英格兰升起的美国国旗。”科普利与新英格兰人士的接触仍然很多。他为访问英国的约翰·亚当斯、约翰·昆西·亚当斯以及其他波士顿人绘制肖像。1791年,他当选为美国艺术与科学院的外籍荣誉院士。他的女儿伊丽莎白于1800年8月嫁给波士顿的加德纳·格林,后者是一位富有的绅士,其后代保存了大量科普利家族的通信资料。 在女儿结婚之前,科普利已将其位于比肯山的地产出售给由本杰明·乔伊博士牵头的一个投机者辛迪加。当他得知购买者事先知晓在马萨诸塞州议会大厦将建在山顶的计划时,他觉得自己受害了,于是于1796年派遣当时正开启其辉煌法律生涯的儿子小约翰·辛格尔顿·科普利前往波士顿,试图撤销该交易。这位未来的大法官在访美期间所写的信件读来颇有趣味,但他的努力并未成功。他写信给父亲说:“我相信,任何人都无法从他们那里多争取到一先令。”尽管有此报告,这位艺术家仍进一步努力收回他的“农场”。这一冤屈的主题在家族通信中频繁出现,但科普利是否有理由觉得自己受骗并不确定。加德纳·格林为他准备的一份备忘录指出,在该土地“脱离科普利的掌控很久之后”,其全部或部分土地的报价并未高于支付给他儿子的价格。艾伦·张伯伦在其著作《比肯山》中对围绕此次购买的复杂谈判进行了详细总结,他认为科普利获得的补偿是公平的,价格为他在该物业上收取相当可观租金时所支付价格的三倍。 在他生命的最后十五年里,尽管坚持绘画,科普利却经历了诸多抑郁与失望。拿破仑战争带来了艰难时世。乔治街25号的宅邸维护费用高昂。培养一位才华横溢的儿子上学花费巨大。令这位父亲痛心的是,当这位年轻的律师开始自食其力后,家里不得不接受他的资助来维持生计。坎贝尔勋爵引用这位法学家的话说:“他的父亲生活相当奢侈,几乎没有为他积累什么财产。”阿莫里夫人试图证明科普利夫人的持家之道值得称赞,但看来,在变化了的环境中难以维持的生活水准使得大量借贷成为必然。科普利因他的《摄政王骑马肖像》未能“带来经济回报”而感到懊恼。坎宁安说:“查尔斯与被弹劾的议员们那幅画没有出现任何买家。”其他耗费多年心血的画作也未能售出。与版画雕刻师的纠纷层出不穷,无论过错在于雕刻师还是画家本人。科普利写给他在波士顿的女婿的信通常涉及向他提供的贷款,且这些贷款常常被延期。 这位年迈艺术家的身心健康状况引发了焦虑。1810年,他严重摔伤,导致一个月无法作画。他不断哀叹失去在波士顿的财产。科普利夫人在1810年12月11日写道:“鉴于本国当前局势,生活困难日益增加,而其职业所带来的收益却不断减少,您的父亲对这件事[他为收回“农场”而进行的诉讼未获成功]的感受更为深切。”1811年10月,科普利在苦恼中写信给格林,恳求额外贷款600英镑。1812年3月4日,他写道:“我仍在从事我的职业,希望将来能从我的作品中获得适当的收益,无论是对我自己还是对我的家人,但此刻,所有非生活必需的追求都已停滞。”1813年8月,科普利夫人写道,尽管她的丈夫仍在作画,“但他已不能像过去那样专心致志。”她在1814年4月报告说:“您的父亲健康状况尚可,但身体日渐虚弱,越来越不喜欢走路;不过,继续作画仍令他感到愉快。” 1815年6月,科普利夫妇接待了访客约翰·昆西·亚当斯,他们欢欣鼓舞地讨论了美国与英国之间的新和平条款。在描述这次访问的信中,画家的病痛据称因“他的忧虑和失望”而加重。1815年8月18日的一则便函通知格林一家,科普利在用餐时突发中风。他起初似乎有所康复。8月下旬,他的预后良好,有望再次作画。然而,第二次中风发作,他于1815年9月9日去世。“他完全顺服,”他的女儿玛丽写道,“并愿意死去,表达了他通过我们救主的功德对上帝的坚定信任。”他被安葬在萨里郡克罗伊登的克罗伊登大教堂。 科普利夫人在1816年2月1日写给加德纳·格林的信中,暗示了科普利晚年陷入债务的深度。她在信中详细列出了他的资产和借款情况,并预测:“当全部财产被处置并用于清偿债务后,恐怕仍会存在巨大的赤字。” 该遗产由科普利的儿子(后来的林德赫斯特勋爵)处理,他维持了乔治街的产业,供养其母亲直至她于1836年去世,并保留了许多艺术家未售出画作的所有权,直到1864年3月5日在伦敦拍卖出售。当时散出的几件作品现在收藏于美国的收藏机构中。

Relationship Network

Master student

Fellow student

Artworks by this artist