約翰·辛格爾頓·科普利

1738-1815 American

約翰·辛格爾頓·科普利

開創現代歷史畫與肖像畫

約翰·辛格爾頓·科普利是一位英美畫家,活躍於殖民時期的美國和英國。他可能出生於麻薩諸塞州波士頓,父母為理查德和瑪麗·辛格爾頓·科普利,兩人均為盎格魯-愛爾蘭人。在成為殖民時期新英格蘭地區富人的知名肖像畫家後,他於1774年移居倫敦,再未返回美國。在倫敦,他在接下來的二十年裡作為肖像畫家取得了相當大的成功,並創作了多幅大型歷史畫,這些作品因樂於描繪現代題材和現代服飾而具有創新性。他的晚年較為失意,去世時負債累累。 科普利的母親在長碼頭擁有一家菸草店。據藝術家的孫女瑪莎·巴布科克·阿莫里稱,他的父母於1736年來到了波士頓,「從事貿易,就像當時北美殖民地的幾乎所有居民一樣」。他的父親來自利默里克;他的母親出自克萊爾郡的辛格爾頓家族,這是一個源自蘭開夏郡的家族。約翰·辛格爾頓(科普利夫人的父親)的信件收藏於科普利-佩勒姆文集中。理查德·科普利被描述為一名菸草商,多位傳記作家稱他抵達波士頓時健康狀況不佳,並在約翰出生前後前往西印度群島,並在那裡去世。威廉·H·惠特莫爾將其死亡年份記為1748年,即科普利夫人再婚之年。詹姆斯·伯納德·卡倫說:「理查德·科普利抵達美國時健康狀況不佳,前往西印度群島以改善其日益衰弱的體力。他於1737年在那裡去世。」目前尚未發現任何當代證據可以證實這兩個年份中的任何一個。 除了一項家族傳統提及他在繪畫方面的早慧之外,關於科普利的學校教育或其童年其他活動,人們一無所知。他的信件(最早的一封日期為1762年9月30日)顯示他受過相當良好的教育。據合理推測,他的各種科目可能由他未來的繼父教授;這位繼父除了繪製肖像和雕刻版畫外,還在波士頓透過教授舞蹈以及自1743年9月12日起開辦一所「晚間書寫與算術學校」( duly advertised,即 duly 刊登廣告)來維持生計。可以確定的是,遺孀科普利於1748年5月22日嫁給了彼得·佩勒姆,並且大約在那時,她將她的菸草生意搬到了他在林德爾街(Lindall Street,城中一個更安靜、更體面的區域)的住所,晚間學校也繼續在那裡授課。在這樣的家庭中,年輕的科普利可能學會了使用畫筆和雕刻工具。惠特莫爾說得頗有道理:「科普利在十五歲時就能進行美柔汀雕刻;他的繼父佩勒姆與他共同生活了三年,是一位出色的雕刻師,同時也精通繪畫。」這家人住在漆器匠湯瑪斯·約翰斯頓及其家人所住房子的隔壁,科普利與湯瑪斯的兒子威廉成為朋友,後者後來也成為一名畫家。 應當強調科普利成年所處的家庭與城鎮中的藝術機遇,因為他本人以及一些過於字面理解其言行的傳記作者,都大加渲染其早期環境的荒涼。他的兒子林德赫斯特勳爵寫道:「他(科普利)完全自學成才,在將近三十歲之前,除了自己的作品外,從未見過一幅像樣的畫作。」科普利本人在1766年11月12日寫給班傑明·韋斯特的一封信中抱怨道:「正如您正確指出的那樣,在這個國家,除了在一些執行得平平的版畫中所能見到的例子外,沒有任何藝術範例,從中很難學到多少東西。」這一論點的變體幾乎充斥於他早期的所有信件中。這些信件表明,儘管科普利勤奮且技藝嫻熟,但他在行動上缺乏冒險精神,性格上傾向於憂思和自憐。在他青年時代的波士頓,他本可以看到至少幾幅優秀的畫作以及許多精美的版畫。他肖像畫的卓越並非偶然或奇蹟,而是有學術基礎的。現藏於大英博物館的一本科普利的人體研究畫冊證明,他在二十歲之前,無論是否有老師指導,都以極大的細心和精確性繪製解剖圖。很可能得益於一個擁有眾多工匠的城鎮中家庭與工作坊的有利關聯,他在平均而言後世藝術學生才剛開始學習繪畫的年齡,就已經掌握了他的技藝。 Copley was about fourteen and his stepfather had recently died, when he made the earliest of his portraits now preserved, a likeness of his half-brother Charles Pelham, good in color and characterization though it has in its background accessories which are somewhat out of drawing. It is a remarkable work to have come from so young a hand. The artist was only fifteen when (it is believed) he painted the portrait of the Rev. William Welsteed, minister of the Brick Church in Long Lane, a work which, following Peter Pelham’s practise, Copley personally engraved to get the benefit from the sale of prints. No other engraving has been attributed to Copley. A self-portrait, undated, depicting a boy of about seventeen in broken straw hat, and a painting of Mars, Venus and Vulcan, signed and dated 1754, disclose crudities of execution which do not obscure the decorative intent and documentary value of the works. Such painting would obviously advertise itself anywhere. Without going after business, for his letters do not indicate that he was ever aggressive or pushy, Copley was started as a professional portrait-painter long before he was of age. In October 1757, Capt. Thomas Ainslie, collector of the Port of Quebec, acknowledged from Halifax the receipt of his portrait, which "gives me great Satisfaction", and advised the artist to visit Nova Scotia "where there are several people who would be glad to employ You." This request to paint in Canada was later repeated from Quebec, Copley replying: "I should receive a singular pleasure in excepting, if my Business was anyways slack, but it is so far otherwise that I have a large Room full of Pictures unfinished, which would ingage me these twelve months if I did not begin any others." 除了以油畫繪製肖像外(這無疑是從彼得·佩勒姆那裡學來的技法),科普利還是美國早期的粉彩畫先驅。1762年9月30日,他寫信給瑞士畫家讓-艾蒂安·利奧塔德,向他索要「一套用於繪製肖像的最佳瑞士粉彩筆」。這位年輕的美國人預見到利奧塔德會感到驚訝,「像新英格蘭這樣偏遠的角落竟然會對練習美術所需的工具有需求」,因此他向利奧塔德保證:「儘管美洲一直是戰爭與荒涼之地,但我衷心希望它有朝一日能成為美術的學府。」所請求的粉彩筆如期收到,並被科普利用於創作許多肖像畫,這種媒介非常適合他的才華。此時,他開始展現出自己在表現表面質感和捕捉情感即時性方面的天賦。 Copley’s fame was established in England by the exhibition, in 1766, of A Boy with a Flying Squirrel, which depicted his half-brother, Henry Pelham, seated at a table and playing with a pet squirrel. This picture, which made the young Boston painter a Fellow of the Society of Artists of Great Britain, by vote of September 3, 1766, had been painted the preceding year. Copley’s letter of September 3, 1765, to Capt. R. G. Bruce, of the John and Sukey, reveals that it was taken to England as a personal favor in the luggage of Roger Hale, surveyor of the port of London. An anecdote relates that the painting, unaccompanied by name or letter of instructions, was delivered to Benjamin West (whom Mrs. Amory describes as then "a member of the Royal Academy," though the Academy was not yet in existence). West is said to have "exclaimed with a warmth and enthusiasm of which those who knew him best could scarcely believe him capable, ’What delicious coloring worthy of Titian himself!’" The American squirrel, it is said, disclosed the colonial origin of the picture to the Pennsylvania-born Quaker artist. A letter from Copley was subsequently delivered to him. West got the canvas into the Exhibition of the year and wrote, on August 4, 1766, a letter to Copley in which he referred to Sir Joshua Reynolds’s interest in the work and advised the artist to follow his example by making "a viset to Europe for this porpase (of self-improvement) for three or four years." 韋斯特隨後的信件在很大程度上導致科普利對自己在殖民城鎮的處境和前景感到不滿。在1766年10月13日和11月12日寫給韋斯特的信中,科普利欣然接受了邀請,將其他畫作送往展覽,並哀嘆自己「特別不幸,生活在一個在我的記憶中從未有一幅肖像畫能被稱作是『畫作』的地方」。在1768年6月17日寫給韋斯特的另一封信中,他表現出一個謹慎之人不願輕率放棄藝術所帶來的優渥生活的理由。他寫道:「我很樂意前往歐洲,但除非有非常好的前景,能讓我在那裡做得至少與在這裡一樣好,否則我不會考慮此事。您深知,每年300幾尼的收入,即我目前的收入,在美國算是相當優渥的生活。……無論我在我們崇高的藝術中追求卓越的雄心有多大,我都不能考慮以不僅犧牲我自己的幸福,而且犧牲一位依賴我全然的慈母和年幼弟弟的幸福為代價去實現它。」韋斯特於1768年9月20日回覆稱,他已與倫敦的其他藝術家討論了科普利的前景,「並發現,憑藉他們坦率的認可,您前來此地沒有任何風險。」 The income which Copley earned by painting in the 1760s was extraordinary for his town and time. It had promoted the son of a needy tobacconist into the local aristocracy. The foremost personages of New England came to his painting-room as sitters. He married, on November 16, 1769, Susanna Farnham Clarke, daughter of Richard and Elizabeth (Winslow) Clarke, the former being the very wealthy agent of the Honourable East India Company in Boston; the latter, a New England woman of Mayflower ancestry. The union was a happy one, and socially notable. Mrs. Copley was a beautiful woman of poise and serenity whose features are familiar through several of her husband’s paintings. Copley had already bought land on the west side of Beacon Hill extending down to the Charles River. The newly married Copleys, who would have six children, moved into "a solitary house in Boston, on Beacon Hill, chosen with his keen perception of picturesque beauty". It was approximately on the site of the present Boston Women’s City Club. Here were painted the portraits of dignitaries of state and church, graceful women and charming children, in the mode of faithful and painstaking verisimilitude which Copley had made his own. The family’s style of living at this period was that of people of wealth. John Trumbull told Dunlap that in 1771, being then a student at Harvard College, he called on Copley, who "was dressed on the occasion in a suit of crimson velvet with gold buttons, and the elegance displayed by Copley in his style of living, added to his high repute as an artist, made a permanent impression on Trumbull in favor of the life of a painter." 在城鎮與教會事務中,科普利幾乎未曾參與。他自稱「渴望避免任何黨派偏見的指責」,並認為「政治爭鬥既令藝術家不悅,也對藝術本身無益」。1771年1月29日,他的名字出現在一份由自由持有者與居民提交的請願書上,要求將危及城鎮安全的火藥庫遷出城鎮。布拉特爾廣場教會的記錄顯示,1772年,科普利受邀為重建的禮拜堂提交設計方案;他提出了一項雄心勃勃的平面與立面設計,「因其優雅與宏偉而備受讚賞」,但因可能費用高昂而未獲教會採納。科普利對致力於美國獨立的政治人物抱有同情,這種同情似乎是真誠的,但並未強烈到促使他參與他們的任何計畫。 It was known to earlier biographers that Copley at one time painted portraits in New York City. The circumstances of this visit, which was supplemented by a few days in Philadelphia, were first disclosed through Prof. Guernsey Jones’s discovery of many previously unpublished Copley and Pelham documents in the Public Record Office, London. From these letters and papers, published by the Massachusetts Historical Society in 1914, it appears that in 1768 Copley painted in Boston a portrait of Myles Cooper, president of King’s College, who then urged his visiting New York. Accepting the invitation later, Copley, between June 1771 and January 1772, painted thirty-seven portraits in New York, setting up his easel "in Broadway, on the west side, in a house which was burned in the great conflagration on the night the British army entered the city as enemies." Copley’s letters to Henry Pelham, whom he left in charge of his affairs in Boston, describe minutely the journey across New England, his first impressions of New York, which "has more Grand Buildings than Boston, the streets much cleaner and some much broader," and the successful search for suitable lodgings and a painting-room; thereafter they give detailed accounts of sitters and social happenings. The correspondence also contains Copley’s careful instructions to Pelham concerning the features of a new house then being built on his Beacon Hill "farm," giving elevations and specifications of the addition of "peazas" which the artist saw for the first time in New York. Copley at the time had a lawsuit respecting title to some of his lands. His letters reveal a man who allowed such disputes to worry him considerably. 1771年9月,科普利夫婦訪問了費城。在首席大法官威廉·艾倫的家中,他們「看到了一幅精美的提香《維納斯》與《聖家族》的全身等身複製品,原作出自科雷喬」。在返程途中,他們在新澤西州的新不倫瑞克觀看了幾幅歸於范·戴克名下的畫作。「其中一幅的日期是1628年,」科普利寫道,「毫無疑問,我認為范·戴克是在來到英格蘭之前創作了這些作品。」回到紐約後,科普利於10月17日寫信,要求立即寄來科普利夫人的一件黑色禮服。「由於我們頻繁出席社交場合,」他說,「我們認為蘇基(他的妻子)有必要擁有這件衣服,因為她的其他服裝大多不適合她穿著。」12月15日,科普利告知佩勒姆,「本週我將完成所有工作,共計不少於37尊半身像;因此,如果天氣允許,我們希望在聖誕節前上路。」至此,科普利唯一一次離開波士頓的美國之旅結束了。關於他在南方作畫的傳聞毫無根據。大多數被普遍歸於他名下的南方肖像畫實際上是由亨利·本布里奇創作的。 他在英國的通訊者繼續敦促科普利進行歐洲研習。他保存了一封未註明日期且無署名的信件,信中寫道:「這裡的人們對他著迷不已,將他與范戴克、魯本斯以及所有古代偉大畫家相提並論。」他的姐夫喬納森·克拉克當時已在倫敦,建議他「前來此地」。韋斯特於1773年1月6日寫道:「我的建議是,科普利夫人留在波士頓,直到您完成此次(前往義大利的)旅行;此後,如果您決定將居住地定在倫敦,科普利夫人再渡海前來。」 波士頓的政治和經濟局勢日益動盪。科普利的岳父克拉克先生正是那批引發波士頓傾茶事件的茶葉所託運的商人。科普利的家族親屬均為保皇派。他在1773年12月1日的一封信中描述的一次會議上,為妻子的親屬進行了辯護。1774年4月26日,他寫道,有一次一群暴徒來到他家,要求交出保皇派、委任狀顧問喬治·沃森上校,而沃森已前往別處,這令他經歷了一段不愉快的遭遇。愛國者威脅說,如果他「今後再窩藏此類惡棍」,就要讓他血債血償。科普利驚呼:「這是怎樣的世道!假如沃森先生當時留了下來(正如我極力勸說他那樣)過夜,我該怎麼辦?我要麼得將一位朋友交給暴民侮辱,要麼就得眼看房屋被拆毀,家人或許還會慘遭殺害。」 帶著許多介紹信(所有這些信件均收錄於科普利-佩爾漢姆通信集中),科普利於1774年6月從波士頓啟航,將他的母親、妻子和子女託付給亨利·佩爾漢姆照顧。他於7月11日從倫敦寫信稱,旅途「極為輕鬆且安全」。他早期拜訪了韋斯特,以「在他身上發現那些令人欽佩的品質,使其友誼無論是作為藝術家還是作為紳士都令人嚮往」。「在英國,[本傑明]·韋斯特與科普利共同開創了一種新型的歷史畫,這類作品以現代時事題材為主,主要是英雄之死的場景,雖採用歷史畫的處理方式,但對當代細節卻一絲不苟」(約翰遜 441)。這位美國人隨後被正式引薦給喬舒亞·雷諾茲爵士,並被帶到「皇家藝術學院,那裡的學生正對著裸體模特進行素描」。在倫敦期間,儘管有人敦促,科普利此時並未接受任何肖像委託。在啟程前往義大利前不久,他「與哈欽森總督共進晚餐,我想我們總共約有12人,全是波士頓人,晚餐享用的是精選的鹹魚」。 On September 2, 1774, Copley chronicled his arrival at Paris (the beginning of a nine-month European tour), where he saw and painstakingly described many paintings and sculptures. His journey toward Rome was made in company of an artist named Carter, described as "a captious, cross-grained and self conceited person who kept a regular journal of his tour in which he set down the smallest trifle that could bear a construction unfavorable to the American’s character." Carter was undoubtedly an uncongenial companion. Copley, however, may at times have been both depressing and bumptious. He found fault, according to Carter, with the French firewood because it gave out less heat than American wood, and he bragged of the art which America would produce when "they shall have an independent government." Copley’s personal appearance was thus described by his uncharitable comrade: "Very thin, a little pock-marked [presumably a souvenir of the Boston smallpox epidemic described by Copley in a letter of January 24, 1764], prominent eyebrows, small eyes, which after fatigue seemed a day’s march in his head." Copley afterward wrote of Carter: "He was a sort of snail which crawled over a man in his sleep and left its slime, and no more." Mrs. Amory relates that "both parties were undoubtedly glad to separate on their arrival at their destination." October 8, 1774, found Copley at Genoa, where he wrote to his wife describing, among other things, the inexpensiveness of the silks: "The velvet and satin for which I gave seven guineas would have cost fourteen in London." He reached Rome on October 26. "I am very fortunate," he wrote, "in my time of being here, as I shall see the magnificance of the rejoicing on the election of the Pope; it is also the year of jubilee, or Holy Year." Copley’s plan of study and mode of living at Rome are described in several letters. He found time for excursions. He visited Naples in January 1775, writing to his wife: "The city is very large and delightfully situated but you have no idea of the dirt … and the people are as dirty as the streets—indeed, they are offensive to such a degree as to make me ill". The excavations at Pompeii greatly interested him and in company with Ralph Izard of South Carolina (whose family portrait he later painted) he extended his journey to Paestum. At Rome early in 1775 he copied Correggio’s St. Jerome on commission from Lord Grosvenor, and other works for Mr. and Mrs. Izard. About May 20 he started on a tour northward through Florence, Parma, Mantua, Venice, Trieste, Stuttgart, Mainz, Cologne, and the Low Countries. From Parma he wrote to Henry Pelham urging that the whole family leave America at once since, "if the Frost should be severe and the Harbour frozen, the Town of Boston will be exposed to an attack; and if it should be taken all that have remained in the town will be considered as enimys to the Country and ill treated or exposed to great distress." This anxiety was groundless, for Mrs. Copley and the children had already sailed on May 27, 1775, from Marblehead in a ship crowded with refugees. She arrived in London some weeks before Copley returned from the Continent, making her home with her brother-in-law, Henry Bromfield. Her father, Richard Clarke, and her brothers came soon after. Copley happily rejoined his family and set up his easel, at first in Leicester Fields and later at 25 George St., Hanover Square, in a house built by a wealthy Italian and admirably adapted to an artist’s requirements. Here Mr. and Mrs. Copley and their son Lord Lyndhurst lived and died. 身為一名英國畫家,科普利於1775年展開其職業生涯,起初前景看好,卻因個人與政治因素,註定以陰鬱與逆境收場。他的技藝如此紮實,勤奮的習慣如此根深蒂固,加上從美國帶來的聲譽如此非凡,以至於他幾乎必然能在英國藝術家中佔有一席之地。然而,他本人「在抵達英格蘭後常說,他無法超越自己早期的一些作品」。不過,他的才華衰退是漸進的,因此部分「英國時期的科普利作品」仍是傑出的畫作。 追隨韋斯特等人樹立的風尚,科普利開始創作歷史題材作品以及肖像畫。他涉足這一體裁的首部作品是《沃森與鯊魚》,其題材基於布魯克·沃森向藝術家講述的一起事件:沃森在14歲時於哈瓦那港游泳時遭到鯊魚襲擊。儘管遭受襲擊並失去膝蓋以下的腿部,沃森後來仍取得了成功的事業生涯,他很可能委託創作這幅畫作,以此作為對其他不幸者(包括像他一樣的孤兒)的教誨,表明即使是最嚴峻的逆境也能被克服。根據此作製作的版畫獲得了持久的流行。 在喬治街餐廳壁爐上方的位置,繪製了那幅如今收藏於波士頓的巨大家族肖像畫。1862年,林德赫斯特勳爵在曼徹斯特展覽上首次公開展出此畫時,「被有能力的評論家評為與凡·戴克同風格作品中的任何一幅不相上下」。然而,這位藝術家作為歷史畫家的聲譽是由《查塔姆伯爵之死》確立的,該畫描繪了前首相威廉·皮特(第一代查塔姆伯爵)在上議院的倒下。然而,這幅畫為他招致了皇家藝術學院院長威廉·錢伯斯爵士的譴責,後者反對在該學院展覽之前私下展出此畫。在一封公開信中,錢伯斯指責科普利像經營「稀有秀」一樣兜售他的畫作,並旨在「要麼出售版畫,要麼對畫作進行抽獎」。面對這種顯然對一位初到倫敦、不熟悉展覽職業倫理的人不公平的指責,科普利在某天早晨寫了一封尖刻的回信,但在晚上明智地將其投入火中。後來,《查塔姆》版画的雕刻作品在英國和美國銷售良好。 科普利在歷史畫領域的探索之所以更為成功,是因為他竭盡心力以求準確呈現人物的肖像相似度及其時代背景下的正確配飾。他在英格蘭廣泛遊歷,研究古老肖像與實際地點。他的工作室不時推出諸如《紅十字騎士》、《亞伯拉罕獻祭以撒》、《荒野中的夏甲與以實瑪利》、《皮爾森少校之死》、《查理一世逮捕五名下議院議員》、《直布羅陀圍城戰》、《德溫特海軍上將向坎珀當勳爵投降》、《諾森伯蘭公爵和薩福克公爵向簡·格雷女士獻上王冠》、《復活》等作品。他繼續繪製肖像畫,其中包括多位王室成員以及眾多英美名人的肖像。1776年至1815年間,他向皇家藝術學院展覽送展了四十三幅畫作;他在1776年當選為該院副會員,並於1783年成為正式會員。 科普利在構圖上所付出的努力堪稱典範,但有時這可能損害了他的健康和性情。坎寧安寫道:「有些人向我描述他是一個暴躁且專斷的人,而其他人則形容他溫和謙遜。」這兩種描述可能都符合科普利的情況,取決於他的心情:他可能因過度工作和擔憂而緊張,也可能處於正常狀態。他的孫女阿莫里夫人回憶說,他通常從清晨到黃昏連續作畫。晚上,他的妻子或女兒會為他朗讀英國文學作品。他很少運動——可能對健康來說不夠。 他本想返回美國,但職業日常使他無法成行。他在政治上比他的親屬更為自由派。1782年12月5日,在聆聽了喬治三世正式承認美國獨立的演講後,他在埃爾卡納·沃森肖像畫背景中的一艘船上繪製了星條旗。沃森在日記中寫道:「他邀請我進入畫室,在那裡,他以大膽的手法、大師的筆觸,我相信還懷著一顆美國心,將星條旗附在那艘船上;我想,這是第一面在舊英格蘭升起的美國國旗。」科普利與新英格蘭人士的接觸仍然很多。他為訪問英國的約翰·亞當斯、約翰·昆西·亞當斯以及其他波士頓人繪製肖像。1791年,他當選為美國藝術與科學院的外籍榮譽院士。他的女兒伊麗莎白於1800年8月嫁給波士頓的加德納·格林,後者是一位富有的紳士,其後代保存了大量科普利家族的通信資料。 在女兒結婚之前,科普利已將其位於比肯山的莊園出售給由班傑明·喬伊博士領頭的一個投機者財團。當他得知買方事先知曉麻薩諸塞州議會大廈將建在山頂的計畫時,他覺得自己受害了,於是於1796年派遣當時正展開其輝煌法律生涯的兒子小約翰·辛格爾頓·科普利前往波士頓,試圖撤銷該交易。這位未來的英國大法官在訪美期間所寫的信件讀來頗具趣味,但他的努力並未成功。他寫信給父親說:「我相信,任何人都無法從他們那裡多爭取到一先令。」儘管有此報告,這位藝術家仍進一步努力收回他的「農場」。這一冤屈的主題在家族通信中頻繁出現,但科普利是否有理由覺得自己受騙並不確定。加德納·格林為他準備的一份備忘錄指出,在該土地「脫離科普利的掌控很久之後」,其全部或部分土地的報價並未高於支付給他兒子的價格。艾倫·張伯倫在其著作《比肯山》中對圍繞此次購買的複雜談判進行了詳細總結,他認為科普利獲得的補償是公平的,價格為他在該物業上收取相當可觀租金時所支付價格的三倍。 在他生命的最後十五年裡,儘管持續繪畫,科普利卻經歷了許多抑鬱與失望。拿破崙戰爭帶來了艱難時局。喬治街25號的宅邸維護費用高昂。培養一位才華橫溢的兒子上學花費巨大。令這位父親痛心的是,當這位年輕律師開始自食其力後,家裡不得不接受他的資助來維持生計。坎貝爾勳爵引用這位法學家的話說:「他的父親生活相當奢侈,幾乎沒有為他積累什麼財產。」阿莫里夫人試圖證明科普利夫人的持家之道值得稱讚,但看來,在變化了的環境中難以維持的生活水準使得大量借貸成為必然。科普利因他的《攝政王騎馬肖像》未能「帶來經濟回報」而感到懊惱。坎寧安說:「查爾斯與被彈劾的議員們那幅畫沒有出現任何買家。」其他耗費多年心血的畫作也未能售出。與版畫雕刻師的糾紛層出不窮,無論過錯在於雕刻師還是畫家本人。科普利寫給他在波士頓的女婿的信通常涉及向他提供的貸款,且這些貸款常常被延期。 這位年邁藝術家的身心健康狀況引發了焦慮。1810年,他嚴重摔傷,導致一個月無法作畫。他不斷哀嘆失去在波士頓的財產。科普利夫人在1810年12月11日寫道:「鑑於本國當前局勢,生活困難日益增加,而其職業所帶來的收益卻不斷減少,您的父親對這件事[他為收回「農場」而進行的訴訟未獲成功]的感受更為深切。」1811年10月,科普利在苦惱中寫信給格林,懇求額外貸款600英鎊。1812年3月4日,他寫道:「我仍在從事我的職業,希望將來能從我的作品中獲得適當的收益,無論是對我自己還是對我的家人,但此刻,所有非生活必需的追求都已停滯。」1813年8月,科普利夫人寫道,儘管她的丈夫仍在作畫,「但他已不能像過去那樣專心致志。」她在1814年4月報告說:「您的父親健康狀況尚可,但身體日漸虛弱,越來越不喜歡走路;不過,繼續作畫仍令他感到愉快。」 1815年6月,科普利夫婦接待了訪客約翰·昆西·亞當斯,他們歡欣鼓舞地討論了美國與英國之間的新和平條款。在描述這次訪問的信中,畫家的病痛據稱因「他的憂慮和失望」而加重。1815年8月18日的一則便函通知格林一家,科普利用餐時突發中風。他起初似乎有所康復。8月下旬,他的預後良好,有望再次作畫。然而,第二次中風發作,他於1815年9月9日去世。「他完全順服,」他的女兒瑪麗寫道,「並願意死去,表達了他通過我們救主的功德對上帝的堅定信任。」他被安葬在薩里郡克羅伊登的克羅伊登大教堂。 科普利夫人在1816年2月1日寫給加德納·格林的信中,暗示了科普利晚年陷入債務的深度。她在信中詳細列出了他的資產和借款情況,並預測:「當全部財產被處置並用於清償債務後,恐怕仍會存在巨大的赤字。」 該遺產由科普利的兒子(後來的林德赫斯特勳爵)處理,他維持了喬治街的產業,供養其母親直至她於1836年去世,並保留了許多藝術家未售出畫作的所有權,直到1864年3月5日在倫敦拍賣出售。當時散出的幾件作品現在收藏於美國的收藏機構中。

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