李士达
讽刺水墨人物风俗画
李士达（约16世纪中叶–17世纪初），字通甫，号仰槐（亦作仰怀），江苏苏州人（一说陕西三原人），后隐居于苏州。他于万历二年（1574年）考中进士。作为明代画家，他擅长人物画和山水画，并提出了"五美"（苍、逸、奇、远、韵）与"五恶"（嫩、板、刻、生、痴）的绘画理论。 He was naturally independent and did not flatter the powerful. In the 29th year of Wanli (1601), when the eunuch tax inspector Sun Long gathered a crowd in Suzhou, everyone knelt, but Li Shida saluted with a long bow and walked away. As a result, he was pursued and later lived in seclusion in Xinguo, Suzhou. During his seclusion, he focused on his art. His works covered subjects including scholars, Buddhist and Daoist deities, spirits, and social satire, such as "Gathering of Elegant Scholars in the Western Garden" (Suzhou Museum), "Cold Forest Zhong Kui" (1611), and "Three Camels," the latter using ink cartoon style for satirical meaning, now in the Palace Museum, Beijing. He also created the "Xunyang Pipa Scroll" to express dissatisfaction with the world. He was skilled at depicting scholars’ gatherings and New Year customs, with works like "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove" (done at age 67), "Wan Yu Reciting Immortals Scroll" (depicting the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, Hengshui Chinese Painting Museum); "New Year Poem Scroll" (1615, Seikado Bunko Art Museum, Japan), and "New Year Village Celebration Scroll" (1618, color on paper, 132.9 cm high × 64 cm wide, Palace Museum, Beijing), the latter detailing Wu region New Year rituals. In his later years, he painted "Immortal Mountains and Pavilions" (Nanjing Museum, 167.7 cm high × 79.2 cm wide) with strong, rounded lines. Li Shida set a personal rule to "paint only Chinese painting and critique only Chinese painting for life" and, in his old age, used the theory of the “Five Beauties and Five Evils” to evaluate art.