威廉·麦格雷戈·帕克斯顿

1869-1941 American

威廉·麦格雷戈·帕克斯顿

波士顿画派肖像与室内画

威廉·麦格雷戈·帕克斯顿是一位美国画家和教师,他信奉波士顿画派的理念,并且是波士顿艺术家 guild 的联合创始人。他在考尔斯艺术学校就读期间曾短暂任教,在那里他遇到了他的妻子伊丽莎白·奥基·帕克斯顿,之后又在波士顿美术博物馆学校任教。帕克斯顿以其肖像画而闻名,其中包括两位总统——格罗弗·克利夫兰和卡尔文·柯立芝——以及以女性为主题的室内场景画作,包括他的妻子。他的作品收藏于美国许多博物馆中。 他于1869年6月22日出生在巴尔的摩,父母是詹姆斯和罗斯·多尔蒂·帕克斯顿。威廉的父亲在19世纪70年代中期将帕克斯顿一家迁至马萨诸塞州的牛顿角,并在那里创办了一家餐饮承办业务。 帕克斯顿在18岁时获得奖学金,进入考尔斯艺术学校就读。他师从丹尼斯·米勒·邦克和考尔斯,随后前往巴黎,在让-莱昂·热罗姆的指导下于巴黎高等美术学院学习。玛丽希尔艺术博物馆称,他还在巴黎的朱利安学院学习过。他回到考尔斯艺术学校,师从约瑟夫·德坎普,后者也曾教导伊丽莎白·沃恩·奥基。她成为帕克斯顿的学生,后来成为他的妻子。 帕克斯顿于1896年与伊丽莎白·沃恩·奥基订婚,两人于1899年1月3日结婚。他们一同前往欧洲旅行,并经常在科德角和安角度过夏季。他们最初在马萨诸塞州牛顿市的埃尔姆伍德街与他的父母同住。大约在1916年,他们居住在波士顿芬威工作室的伊普斯威奇街,或在那里设有工作室。后来,他们在牛顿中心的蒙特瓦尔路购买了一栋房屋。 Paxton's wife managed his career and modeled for many of his works, like the painting in which she was dressed for the ball. "William McGregor Paxton... benefited from an art-savvy wife who supported his career, using her energy in the bet that his offered the more secure future," said author and art historian Rena Tobey. The couple had no children. Paxton taught from 1906 to 1913 at the Museum of Fine Arts School and painted briefly at Fenway Studios in Boston. He worked at the Harcourt Street Studios in Boston and when it burned in 1904 he lost close to 100 paintings. He then went to the Fenway Studios for a brief period but then moved on to the Riverway Studios, also in Boston. He is primarily known for his portraits and painted both Grover Cleveland and Calvin Coolidge. Maryhill Museum of Art says of his artistry, "Paxton was well known for the attention he gave to the effects of light and detail in flesh and fabric. His works often present idealized views of women, such as this portrait (The Red Fan) of his wife Elizabeth", like Henry James's portrayal of women in his novels The Portrait of a Lady (1881) or The American (1877). His models, often daughters and wives of his patrons, were depicted as refined, cultured women of "conspicuous leisure", and equated with the "precious aesthetic objects surround them", like the women of Thorstein Veblen's Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) who reflect the wealth of their husbands or fathers. He crafted elaborate compositions with models in his studio, using props that appear in several paintings. 帕克斯顿采用了一种技巧,即在他的构图中只有一个区域完全清晰对焦,而其余部分则略显模糊,他称之为"双目视觉",并将其归功于维米尔。他开始在自己的作品中运用这一体系,包括《新项链》,其中只有金珠轮廓分明,而构图中的其他物体边缘则更为柔和、模糊。 帕克斯顿是波士顿画派的关键人物之一,并与弗兰克·韦斯顿·本森和埃德蒙·查尔斯·塔贝尔共同创立了波士顿艺术家公会。1926年至1927年间,他与另外85位与国家设计学院有关的艺术家和建筑师一起接受了德威特·洛克曼的采访。采访记录保存在纽约历史学会和美国艺术档案馆。帕克斯顿于1928年成为国家设计学院的正式会员。 帕克斯顿在蒙特瓦尔路家中的客厅为妻子作画时因心脏病发作去世,享年72岁。1941年11月19日至12月14日,波士顿美术博物馆为他举办了纪念展览。他的文件——包括素描、信件和照片——收藏于华盛顿特区史密森尼学会的美国艺术档案馆。

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